Assessment and statistics of Brazilian hydroelectric power plants: Dam areas versus installed and firm power

The Brazilian relief, predominantly composed by small mountains and plateaus, contributed to formation of rivers with high amount of falls. With exception to North-eastern Brazil, the climate of this country are rainy, which contributes to maintain water flows high. These elements are essential to a high hydroelectric potential, contributing to the choice of hydroelectric power plants as the main technology of electricity generation in Brazil. Though this is a renewable source, whose utilized resource is free, dams must to be established which generates a high environmental and social impact. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact caused by these dams through the use of environmental indexes. These indexes are ratio formed by installed power with dam area of a hydro power plant, and ratio formed by firm power with this dam area. In this study, the greatest media values were found in South, Southeast, and Northeast regions respectively, and the smallest media values were found in North and Mid-West regions, respectively. The greatest encountered media indexes were also found in dams established in the 1950s. In the last six decades, the smallest indexes were registered by darns established in the 1980s. These indexes could be utilized as important instruments for environmental impact assessments, and could enable a dam to be established that depletes an ecosystem as less as possible.

STC power for 15MW of PV comparing nameplate, initial power and power after 4 years

To date, the majority of quality controls performed at PV plants are based on the measurement of a small sample of individual modules. Consequently, there is very little representative data on the real Standard Test Conditions (STC) power output values for PV generators. This paper presents the power output values for more than 1300 PV generators having a total installed power capacity of almost 15.3 MW. The values were obtained by the INGEPER-UPNA group, in collaboration with the IES-UPM, through a study to monitor the power output of a number of PV plants from 2006 to 2009. This work has made it possible to determine, amongst other things, the power dispersion that can be expected amongst generators made by different manufacturers, amongst generators made by the same manufacturer but comprising modules of different nameplate ratings and also amongst generators formed by modules with the same characteristics. The work also analyses the STC power output evolution over time in the course of this 4-year study. The values presented here could be considered to be representative of generators with fault-free modules.

Flexible Power Control of Photovoltaic Plants Connected to Distribution Networks

This paper presents a system to control the power injected by a photovoltaic (PV) plant on the receiving network. This control is intended to mitigate some of the negative impacts that these units may produce on such networks, while increasing the installed power of the plant. The controlled parameters are the maximum allowed value of injected active power and the corresponding power factor, whose setpoints values may be fixed or dynamic. The developed system allows a local and a remote control. The injected power and the corresponding power factor may be set by following a predetermined profile or by real time adjustments to fulfill specific operation constraints on the receiving network. The system acts by adjusting the control parameters on the PV inverters. The main goal of the system is, in the end, to control the PV plant, ensuring the accomplishment of technical constraints and, at the same time, maximizing the installed power of the PV plant, which may be an important issue concerning the economic performance of such plants

Monitoring system for small sized photovoltaic power plants

This paper presents a monitoring system devoted to small sized photovoltaic (PV) power plants. The system is characterized by: a high level of integration; a low cost, when compared to the cost of the PV system to be monitored; and an easy installation in the majority of the PV plants with installed power of some kW. The system is able to collect, store, process and display electrical and meteorological parameters that are crucial when monitoring PV facilities. The identification of failures in the PV system and the elaboration of performance analysis of such facilities are other important characteristics of the developed system. The access to the information about the monitored facilities is achieved by using a web application, which was developed with a focus on the mobile devices. In addition, there is the possibility of an integration between the developed monitoring system and the central supervision system of Martifer Solar (a company focused on the development, operation and maintenance of PV systems).

Trawling pull exerted by a trawler: a method of estimation from propeller dimensions and its comparison with sea measurements

The proper matching of the pull exerted by a trawler and the size of trawl is important for maximizing the catching efficiency. The available pull is more dependent on the propeller and its working conditions than the installed engine power. The normal practice is to directly connect net size to the installed power in the boat by formulae without reference to the prope1ler dimensions or the available trawling pull and this is not adequate to find out the optimum combination. By the method outlined in this paper, the accurate calculation of trawling pull is possible by taking into account only the propeller diameter, pitch and r. p. m. The predictions by the method are compared for trawlers with powers between 30 and 60 hp and agreement is found to be within + 5%. The power absorbed by the propeller in trawling condition can also be calculated by this method for checking whether the engine is being overloaded.

Estudo de uma central hidroeléctrica com base em turbina hidráulica reversível

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Otimização de consumo energético de equipamento de grande potência

Um dos princípios da Gestão é: “If you cannot measure it, you cannot improve it.” In The Economist – 26.Dez.2008, idea of 19th century English physicist Lord Kelvin. Embora seja uma afirmação aplicável à gestão económica, também pode ser utilizada no domínio da gestão da energia. Este trabalho surge da necessidade sentida pela empresa Continental - Industria Têxtil do Ave, S.A. em efetuar uma atualização dos seus standards de produção, minimizando os seus consumos de eletricidade e gás natural. Foi necessário efetuar o levantamento dos consumos em diversas máquinas e equipamentos industriais, caracterizando e analisando os consumos ao longo de todo o processo produtivo. Para o tratamento de dados recolhidos foi desenvolvida uma folha de cálculo em MS Office ExcelTM com metodologia adequada ao equipamento em análise, que dará apoio ao decisor para a identificação dos aspetos que melhorem o processo produtivo e garantam uma elevada eficiência energética. Porém, não se enquadra no âmbito do Plano Nacional de Racionalização de Energia, sendo uma “auditoria energética” ao processo produtivo. Recentemente, a empresa, tem vindo a utilizar equipamentos eletrónicos que permitem otimizar o funcionamento mecânico dos equipamentos e das potências instaladas dos transformadores, na tentativa de racionalizar o consumo da energia elétrica. Outros equipamentos como, conversores de frequência para controlo de motores, balastros eletrónicos que substituem os convencionais balastros ferromagnéticos das lâmpadas de descarga fluorescente, têm sido incluídos ao nível das instalações elétricas, sendo gradualmente substituída a eletromecânica pela eletrónica. Este tipo de soluções vem deteriorar as formas de onda da corrente e da tensão do sistema pela introdução de distorções harmónicas. Faz ainda parte deste trabalho, um estudo de uma solução que melhore, simultaneamente o fator de potência e reduza as harmónicas presentes num posto de transformação localizado no seio da fábrica. Esta solução, permite melhorar a qualidade da energia elétrica e as condições de continuidade de serviço, garantindo melhores condições de exploração e incrementando a produtividade da empresa.

Avaluació del procés de desintegració de papers recuperats

La desintegració és una etapa important en la recuperació de paper vell, ja que té importants conseqüències en consum d'energia i en el comportament de les etapes posteriors. Per això els objectius es centren en analitzar la desintegració des del punt de vista del temps de desintegració, els aspectes energètics, modelització de la màquina de desintegració utilitzada i anàlisi dels factors de cisallament calculats com a mesura global de les forces implicades en la desintegració. Els autors que hi han treballat donen diferents explicacions a aquestes forces. Fins avui només s'ha pogut avaluar qualitativament la influència que tenen cada un dels mecanismes en el temps necessari per a desintegrar i en el consum energètic. Les característiques reològiques de les suspensions papereres, i el seu comportament no newtonià tenen una clara influència en el consum energètic i les forces de desfibrat en el desintegrador. Els experiments de desintegració s'han realitzat en un púlper convencional, amb tres tipus de paper recuperat: paper estucat d'alta qualitat imprès offset (PQ), paper revista estucat imprès en color (PR), paper blanc imprès en impresora làsser (PF). Anàlisi del temps de desintegració Per cada un del papers estudiats (PQ, PR i PF), les fraccions màssiques des de 0.06 fins a la màxima que estat possible per cada paper (de 0.14 a 0.18), i a dues velocitats d'agitació diferents, s'ha determinat el temps de desintegració (tD) fins a aconseguir un índex de Sommerville de 0.01%. S'obté que en augmentar la fracció màssica disminueix potencialment el temps de desintegració. S'ha estudiat la velocitat de desintegració, la producció teòrica del púlper en cada cas, i la seva relació amb les forces d'impacte i de fregament que produeixen la desintegració. Aspectes energètics El consum específic d'energia (SEC), definit com l'energia consumida per a desintegrar 1 kg de paper recuperat, disminueix molt en augmentar Xm, ja que a més de disminuir l'energia consumida en cada desintegració, el contingut en paper és més elevat. Pel disseny de desintegradors, cal tenir en compte que en augmentar Xm i en augmentar la velocitat, sempre augmenta la potència consumida. Però així com els beneficis de treballar a Xm alt són de 10 vegades en termes de SEC i de producció, l'augment de potència és només de l'ordre de 2 vegades la necessària respecte de la Xm baixa. Viscositat aparent i energia de fluidització S'estudia la relació entre el temps de desintegració, les forces de fregament i els valors de viscositat aparent de la bibliografia. Per cada paper i velocitat s'ha observat que el consum específic d'energia disminueix en funció de la viscositat aparent. Reologia del púlper Utilitzant el mètode de Metzner i Otto (1957) per determinar la viscositat aparent mitjana de les suspensions papereres, modificat per Roustan, s'ha caracteritzat el pulper mitjançant el model: Np= K· Rex·Fry S'han utilitzat dissolucions de glicerina com a fluid newtonià per a calcular les constants d'ajust, i a partir d'aquí, aïllar la viscositat aparent en funció de la potència neta i els paràmetres d'agitació. La viscositat aparent, d'acord amb Fabry (1999) es substitueix pel concepte de factor de cisallament. Factor de cisallament Calculat el factor de cisallament per a cada paperot i condicions d'agitació, s'ha relacionat amb Xm, SEC, tD, consum de potència, potència instal·lada i fracció cel·lulòsica. El factor de cisallament és un paràmetre útil per a quantificar les forces globals implicades en la desintegració.

Avaliação do programa “luz para todos”, implantado na cooperativa de eletrificação rural de Itaí, Paranapanema e Avaré - Ceripa

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação dos aspectos hídricos relacionados ao desenvolvimento da cultura da cana-de-açúcar na Bacia São José dos Dourados

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

Integración técnica y económica de energías renovables, en un sistema eléctrico liberalizado, a partir de vectores energéticos

El objetivo de la tesis es estudiar la bondad del almacenamiento de energía en hidrógeno para minorar los desvíos de energía respecto a su previsión de parques eólicos y huertas solares. Para ello se ha partido de datos de energías horarias previstas con 24 h de antelación y la energía real generada. Se ha procedido a dimensionar la planta de hidrógeno, a partir de una modelización de la operación de la misma, teniendo siempre como objetivo la limitación de los desvíos. Posteriormente, se ha procedido a simular la operación de la planta con dos objetivos en mente, uno limitar los desvíos y por otro lado operar la planta como una central de bombeo, generando hidrógeno en horas valle y generando electricidad en horas punta. Las dos simulaciones se han aplicado a tres parques eólicos de diferentes potencias, y a una huerta solar fotovoltaica. Se ha realizado un estudio económico para determinar la viabilidad de las plantas dimensionadas, obteniendo como resultado que no son viables a día de hoy y con la estimación de precios considerada, necesitando disminuir considerablemente los costes, dependiendo fuertemente de la bondad de los métodos de previsión de viento. Por último se ha estudiado la influencia de la disminución de los desvíos generados sobre una red tipo de 30 nudos, obteniendo como resultado, que si bien no disminuyen sensiblemente los extra costes generados en regulación, sí que mejora la penetración de las energías renovables no despachables en la red. Se observa disminuyen los vertidos eólicos cuando se usa la planta de hidrógeno. ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to study the benefit of hydrogen energy storage to minimize energy deviations of Wind Power and Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Power Plants compared to its forecast. To achieve this goal, first of all we have started with hourly energy data provided 24 h in advance (scheduled energy), and real generation (measured energy). Secondly, It has been sized the hydrogen plant, from a modeling of its working mode, always keeping the goal in mind of limiting energy imbalances. Subsequently, It have been simulated the plant working mode following two goals, one, to limit energy imbalances and secondly to operate the plant as a pumping power plant, generating hydrogen-in valley hours and generating electricity at peak hours. The two simulations have been applied to three wind power plants with different installed power capacities, and a photovoltaic solar power plant. It has been done an economic analysis in order to determine the viability of this sized plants, turning out not viable plants today with the estimated prices considered, requiring significantly lower costs, depending heavily on the reliability of the Wind Power forecast methods. Finally, It has been studied the influence of decreasing measured imbalances (of energy) in a 30 grid node, resulting that, while it not reduces significantly the extra costs generated by reserve power, it does improve the penetration of non-manageable renewable energy on the grid, by reducing the curtailments of power of these plants.

Multiphase Design and Control Techniques Applied to a Forward Micro-Inverter

En la última década la potencia instalada de energía solar fotovoltaica ha crecido una media de un 49% anual y se espera que alcance el 16%del consumo energético mundial en el año 2050. La mayor parte de estas instalaciones se corresponden con sistemas conectados a la red eléctrica y un amplio porcentaje de ellas son instalaciones domésticas o en edificios. En el mercado ya existen diferentes arquitecturas para este tipo de instalaciones, entre las que se encuentras los módulos AC. Un módulo AC consiste en un inversor, también conocido como micro-inversor, que se monta en la parte trasera de un panel o módulo fotovoltaico. Esta tecnología ofrece modularidad, redundancia y la extracción de la máxima potencia de cada panel solar de la instalación. Además, la expansión de esta tecnología posibilitará una reducción de costes asociados a las economías de escala y a la posibilidad de que el propio usuario pueda componer su propio sistema. Sin embargo, el micro-inversor debe ser capaz de proporcionar una ganancia de tensión adecuada para conectar el panel solar directamente a la red, mientras mantiene un rendimiento aceptable en un amplio rango de potencias. Asimismo, los estándares de conexión a red deber ser satisfechos y el tamaño y el tiempo de vida del micro-inversor son factores que han de tenerse siempre en cuenta. En esta tesis se propone un micro-inversor derivado de la topología “forward” controlado en el límite entre los modos de conducción continuo y discontinuo (BCM por sus siglas en inglés). El transformador de la topología propuesta mantiene la misma estructura que en el convertidor “forward” clásico y la utilización de interruptores bidireccionales en el secundario permite la conexión directa del inversor a la red. Asimismo el método de control elegido permite obtener factor de potencia cercano a la unidad con una implementación sencilla. En la tesis se presenta el principio de funcionamiento y los principales aspectos del diseño del micro-inversor propuesto. Con la idea de mantener una solución sencilla y de bajo coste, se ha seleccionado un controlador analógico que está originalmente pensado para controlar un corrector del factor de potencia en el mismo modo de conducción que el micro-inversor “forward”. La tesis presenta las principales modificaciones necesarias, con especial atención a la detección del cruce por cero de la corriente (ZCD por sus siglas en inglés) y la compatibilidad del controlador con la inclusión de un algoritmo de búsqueda del punto de máxima potencia (MPPT por sus siglas en inglés). Los resultados experimentales muestran las limitaciones de la implementación elegida e identifican al transformador como el principal contribuyente a las pérdidas del micro-inversor. El principal objetivo de esta tesis es contribuir a la aplicación de técnicas de control y diseño de sistemas multifase en micro-inversores fotovoltaicos. En esta tesis se van a considerar dos configuraciones multifase diferentes aplicadas al micro-inversor “forward” propuesto. La primera consiste en una variación con conexión paralelo-serie que permite la utilización de transformadores con una relación de vueltas baja, y por tanto bien acoplados, para conseguir una ganancia de tensión adecuada con un mejor rendimiento. Esta configuración emplea el mismo control BCM cuando la potencia extraída del panel solar es máxima. Este método de control implica que la frecuencia de conmutación se incrementa considerablemente cuando la potencia decrece, lo que compromete el rendimiento. Por lo tanto y con la intención de mantener unos bueno niveles de rendimiento ponderado, el micro-inversor funciona en modo de conducción discontinuo (DCM, por sus siglas en inglés) cuando la potencia extraía del panel solar es menor que la máxima. La segunda configuración multifase considerada en esta tesis es la aplicación de la técnica de paralelo con entrelazado. Además se han considerado dos técnicas diferentes para decidir el número de fases activas: dependiendo de la potencia continua extraída del panel solar y dependiendo de la potencia instantánea demandada por el micro-inversor. La aplicación de estas técnicas es interesante en los sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados a la red eléctrica por la posibilidad que brindan de obtener un rendimiento prácticamente plano en un amplio rango de potencia. Las configuraciones con entrelazado se controlan en DCM para evitar la necesidad de un control de corriente, lo que es importante cuando el número de fases es alto. Los núcleos adecuados para todas las configuraciones multifase consideradas se seleccionan usando el producto de áreas. Una vez seleccionados los núcleos se ha realizado un diseño detallado de cada uno de los transformadores. Con la información obtenida de los diseños y los resultados de simulación, se puede analizar el impacto que el número de transformadores utilizados tiene en el tamaño y el rendimiento de las distintas configuraciones. Los resultados de este análisis, presentado en esta tesis, se utilizan posteriormente para comparar las distintas configuraciones. Muchas otras topologías se han presentado en la literatura para abordar los diferentes aspectos a considerar en los micro-inversores, que han sido presentados anteriormente. La mayoría de estas topologías utilizan un transformador de alta frecuencia para solventar el salto de tensión y evitar problemas de seguridad y de puesta a tierra. En cualquier caso, es interesante evaluar si topologías sin aislamiento galvánico son aptas para su utilización como micro-inversores. En esta tesis se presenta una revisión de inversores con capacidad de elevar tensión, que se comparan bajo las mismas especificaciones. El objetivo es proporcionar la información necesaria para valorar si estas topologías son aplicables en los módulos AC. Las principales contribuciones de esta tesis son: • La aplicación del control BCM a un convertidor “forward” para obtener un micro-inversor de una etapa sencillo y de bajo coste. • La modificación de dicho micro-inversor con conexión paralelo-series de transformadores que permite reducir la corriente de los semiconductores y una ganancia de tensión adecuada con transformadores altamente acoplados. • La aplicación de técnicas de entrelazado y decisión de apagado de fases en la puesta en paralelo del micro-inversor “forward”. • El análisis y la comparación del efecto en el tamaño y el rendimiento del incremento del número de transformadores en las diferentes configuraciones multifase. • La eliminación de las medidas y los lazos de control de corriente en las topologías multifase con la utilización del modo de conducción discontinuo y un algoritmo MPPT sin necesidad de medida de corriente. • La recopilación y comparación bajo las mismas especificaciones de topologías inversoras con capacidad de elevar tensión, que pueden ser adecuadas para la utilización como micro-inversores. Esta tesis está estructurada en seis capítulos. El capítulo 1 presenta el marco en que se desarrolla la tesis así como el alcance de la misma. En el capítulo 2 se recopilan las topologías existentes de micro-invesores con aislamiento y aquellas sin aislamiento cuya implementación en un módulo AC es factible. Asimismo se presenta la comparación entre estas topologías bajo las mismas especificaciones. El capítulo 3 se centra en el micro-inversor “forward” que se propone originalmente en esta tesis. La aplicación de las técnicas multifase se aborda en los capítulos 4 y 5, en los que se presentan los análisis en función del número de transformadores. El capítulo está orientado a la propuesta paralelo-serie mientras que la configuración con entrelazado se analiza en el capítulo 5. Por último, en el capítulo 6 se presentan las contribuciones de esta tesis y los trabajos futuros. ABSTRACT In the last decade the photovoltaic (PV) installed power increased with an average growth of 49% per year and it is expected to cover the 16% of the global electricity consumption by 2050. Most of the installed PV power corresponds to grid-connected systems, with a significant percentage of residential installations. In these PV systems, the inverter is essential since it is the responsible of transferring into the grid the extracted power from the PV modules. Several architectures have been proposed for grid-connected residential PV systems, including the AC-module technology. An AC-module consists of an inverter, also known as micro-inverter, which is attached to a PV module. The AC-module technology offers modularity, redundancy and individual MPPT of each module. In addition, the expansion of this technology will enable the possibility of economies of scale of mass market and “plug and play” for the user, thus reducing the overall cost of the installation. However, the micro-inverter must be able to provide the required voltage boost to interface a low voltage PV module to the grid while keeping an acceptable efficiency in a wide power range. Furthermore, the quality standards must be satisfied and size and lifetime of the solutions must be always considered. In this thesis a single-stage forward micro-inverter with boundary mode operation is proposed to address the micro-inverter requirements. The transformer in the proposed topology remains as in the classic forward converter and bidirectional switches in the secondary side allows direct connection to the grid. In addition the selected control strategy allows high power factor current with a simple implementation. The operation of the topology is presented and the main design issues are introduced. With the intention to propose a simple and low-cost solution, an analog controller for a PFC operated in boundary mode is utilized. The main necessary modifications are discussed, with the focus on the zero current detection (ZCD) and the compatibility of the controller with a MPPT algorithm. The experimental results show the limitations of the selected analog controller implementation and the transformer is identified as a main losses contributor. The main objective of this thesis is to contribute in the application of control and design multiphase techniques to the PV micro-inverters. Two different multiphase configurations have been applied to the forward micro-inverter proposed in this thesis. The first one consists of a parallel-series connected variation which enables the use of low turns ratio, i.e. well coupled, transformers to achieve a proper voltage boost with an improved performance. This multiphase configuration implements BCM control at maximum load however. With this control method the switching frequency increases significantly for light load operation, thus jeopardizing the efficiency. Therefore, in order to keep acceptable weighted efficiency levels, DCM operation is selected for low power conditions. The second multiphase variation considered in this thesis is the interleaved configuration with two different phase shedding techniques: depending on the DC power extracted from the PV panel, and depending on the demanded instantaneous power. The application of interleaving techniques is interesting in PV grid-connected inverters for the possibility of flat efficiency behavior in a wide power range. The interleaved variations of the proposed forward micro-inverter are operated in DCM to avoid the current loop, which is important when the number of phases is large. The adequate transformer cores for all the multiphase configurations are selected according to the area product parameter and a detailed design of each required transformer is developed. With this information and simulation results, the impact in size and efficiency of the number of transformer used can be assessed. The considered multiphase topologies are compared in this thesis according to the results of the introduced analysis. Several other topological solutions have been proposed to solve the mentioned concerns in AC-module application. The most of these solutions use a high frequency transformer to boost the voltage and avoid grounding and safety issues. However, it is of interest to assess if the non-isolated topologies are suitable for AC-module application. In this thesis a review of transformerless step-up inverters is presented. The compiled topologies are compared using a set benchmark to provide the necessary information to assess whether non-isolated topologies are suitable for AC-module application. The main contributions of this thesis are: • The application of the boundary mode control with constant off-time to a forward converter, to obtain a simple and low-cost single-stage forward micro-inverter. • A modification of the forward micro-inverter with primary-parallel secondary-series connected transformers to reduce the current stress and improve the voltage gain with highly coupled transformers. •The application of the interleaved configuration with different phase shedding strategies to the proposed forward micro-inverter. • An analysis and comparison of the influence in size and efficiency of increasing the number of transformers in the parallel-series and interleaved multiphase configurations. • Elimination of the current loop and current measurements in the multiphase topologies by adopting DCM operation and a current sensorless MPPT. • A compilation and comparison with the same specifications of suitable non-isolated step-up inverters. This thesis is organized in six chapters. In Chapter 1 the background of single-phase PV-connected systems is discussed and the scope of the thesis is defined. Chapter 2 compiles the existing solutions for isolated micro-inverters and transformerless step-up inverters suitable for AC-module application. In addition, the most convenient non-isolated inverters are compared using a defined benchmark. Chapter 3 focuses on the originally proposed single-stage forward micro-inverter. The application of multiphase techniques is addressed in Chapter 4 and Chapter 5, and the impact in different parameters of increasing the number of phases is analyzed. In Chapter 4 an original primary-parallel secondary-series variation of the forward micro-inverter is presented, while Chapter 5 focuses on the application of the interleaved configuration. Finally, Chapter 6 discusses the contributions of the thesis and the future work.

Identificação das políticas de incentivo ao desenvolvimento da energia eólica no Rio Grande do Norte (RN)

Energy is a vital resource for social and economic development. In the present scenario, the search for alternative energy sources has become fundamental, especially after the oil crises between 1973 and 1979, the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 and the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The demand for the development of new alternative energy sources aims to complement existing forms allows to meet the demand for energy consumption with greater security. Brazil, with the guideline of not dirtying the energy matrix by the fossil fuels exploitation and the recent energy crisis caused by the lack of rains, directs energy policies for the development of other renewable energy sources, complementing the hydric. This country is one of the countries that stand out for power generation capacity from the winds in several areas, especially Rio Grande do Norte (RN), which is one of the states with highest installed power and great potential to be explored. In this context arises the purpose of this work to identify the incentive to develop policies of wind energy in Rio Grande do Norte. The study was conducted by a qualitative methodology of data analysis called content analysis, oriented for towards message characteristics, its informational value, the words, arguments and ideas expressed in it, constituting a thematic analysis. To collect the data interviews were conducted with managers of major organizations related to wind energy in Brazil and in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The identification of incentive policies was achieved in three stages: the first seeking incentives policies in national terms, which are applied to all states, the second with the questionnaire application and the third to research and data collection for the development of the installed power of the RN as compared to other states. At the end, the results demonstrated hat in Rio Grande do Norte state there is no incentive policy for the development of wind power set and consolidated, specific actions in order to optimize the bureaucratic issues related to wind farms, especially on environmental issues. The absence of this policy hinders the development of wind energy RN, considering result in reduced competitiveness and performance in recent energy auctions. Among the perceived obstacles include the lack of hand labor sufficient to achieve the reporting and analysis of environmental licenses, the lack of updating the wind Atlas of the state, a shortfall of tax incentives. Added to these difficulties excel barriers in infrastructure and logistics, with the lack of a suitable port for large loads and the need for reform, maintenance and duplication of roads and highways that are still loss-making. It is suggested as future work the relationship of the technology park of energy and the development of wind power in the state, the influence of the technology park to attract businesses and industries in the wind sector to settle in RN and a comparison of incentive policies to development of wind energy in the Brazilian states observing wind development in the same states under study.

Robustness of Damping Control Implemented by Energy Storage Systems Installed in Power Systems

An energy storage system (ESS) installed in a power system can effectively damp power system oscillations through controlling exchange of either active or reactive power between the ESS and power system. This paper investigates the robustness of damping control implemented by the ESS to the variations of power system operating conditions. It proposes a new analytical method based on the well-known equal-area criterion and small-signal stability analysis. By using the proposed method, it is concluded in the paper that damping control implemented by the ESS through controlling its active power exchange with the power system is robust to the changes of power system operating conditions. While if the ESS damping control is realized by controlling its reactive power exchange with the power system, effectiveness of damping control changes with variations of power system operating condition. In the paper, an example power system installed with a battery ESS (BESS) is presented. Simulation results confirm the analytical conclusions made in the paper about the robustness of ESS damping control. Laboratory experiment of a physical power system installed with a 35kJ/7kW SMES (Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage) was carried out to evaluate theoretical study. Results are given in the paper, which demonstrate that effectiveness of SMES damping control realized through regulating active power is robust to changes of load conditions of the physical power system.